The recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of multiple different
cancers has markedly increased interest in their investigation as combination regimens,
often in conjunction with established systemic and local therapies. Although the combination
of immunooncology (IO) agents with molecularly targeted agents or radiotherapy offers the
potential for synergistic antitumor immune responses, a valid concern is the increased risk of
immune-mediated toxic effects. Furthermore, a critical quandary of immunotherapy treatment …